GCET syllabus – GOA CET syllabus

GCET syllabus – GOA CET syllabus- The GOA common entrance test that is used to secure seats for students into engineering and technology colleges in the state and place them according to a score based on merit.There is a syllabus of core 12th standard board topics in the subjects of Physics,Mathematics, Chemistry and Biology.

GCET syllabus – GOA CET syllabus

STD. XII PHYSICS

UNIT I: ELECTROSTATICS
Electric charges and their conservation. Coulomb’s law – force between two point charges, forces
between multiple charges; superposition principle and continuous charge distribution. Electric field, electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines; electric dipole, electric field
due to a dipole; torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field. Electric flux, statement of Gauss’s
theorem and its applications to find field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged
infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside). Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and
system of charges; equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two point
charges and of electric dipoles in an electrostatic field. Conductors and insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor. Dielectrics and
electric polarisation, capacitors and capacitance, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, energy stored in a capacitor, Van de Graaff generator. UNIT II: CURRENT ELECTRICITY
Electric current, flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity and mobility, and
their relation with electric current; Ohm’s law, electrical resistance, V-I characteristics (linear and
non-linear), electrical energy and power, electrical resistivity and conductivity. Carbon resistors, colour code for carbon resistors; series and parallel combinations of resistors;
temperature dependence of resistance.
Internal resistance of a cell, potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells in series
and in parallel. Kirchhoff ’s laws and simple applications. Wheatstone bridge, metre bridge. Potentiometer – principle and applications to measure potential difference, and for comparing
emf of two cells; measurement of internal resistance of a cell. UNIT III: MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM
Concept of magnetic field, Oersted’s experiment. Biot – Savart law and its application to current
carrying circular loop. Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long straight wire, straight and
toroidal solenoids. Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields. Cyclotron. Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. Force between two parallel
current-carrying conductors – definition of ampere. Torque experienced by a current loop in a
magnetic field; moving coil galvanometer – its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and
voltmeter.

PROSPECTUS FOR PROFESSIONAL DEGREE COURSES 2017-18 45

DIRECTORATE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, ALTO-PORVORIM, GOA, 403521
Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Magnetic dipole moment of a
revolving electron. Magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis
and perpendicular to its axis. Torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a uniform magnetic
field; bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field lines; Earth’s magnetic field and
magnetic elements. Para-, dia- and ferro – magnetic substances, with examples. Electromagnets and factors affecting their strengths. Permanent magnets. UNIT IV: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS
Electromagnetic induction; Faraday’s law, induced emf and current; Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents. Self
and mutual inductance. Alternating currents, peak and rms value of alternating current/voltage; reactance and impedance;
LC oscillations (qualitative treatment only), LCR series circuit, resonance; power in AC circuits, wattles current. AC generator and transformer. UNIT V: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Idea of displacement current. Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics (qualitative ideas
only). Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma
rays) including elementary facts about their uses. UNIT VI: OPTICS
Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula. Refraction of light, total internal reflection
and its applications, optical fibres, refraction at spherical surfaces, lenses, thin lens formula, lens- maker’s formula. Magnification, power of a lens, combination of thin lenses in contact combination of a lens and a
mirror. Refraction and dispersion of light through a prism. Scattering of light – blue colour of the sky and reddish appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset. Optical instruments: Human eye, image formation and accommodation, correction of eye defects
(myopia and hypermetropia) using lenses. Microscopes and astronomical telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers. Wave optics: Wavefront and Huygens’ principle, reflection and refraction of plane wave at a plane
surface using wavefronts. Proof of laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens’ principle.
Interference, Young’s double hole experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources
and sustained interference of light. Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum. Resolving power of microscopes and astronomical telescopes. Polarisation, plane polarised light;
Brewster’s law, uses of plane polarised light and Polaroids.

PROSPECTUS FOR PROFESSIONAL DEGREE COURSES 2017-18 46

DIRECTORATE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, ALTO-PORVORIM, GOA, 403521
UNIT VII: DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATION
Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s photoelectric
equation – particle nature of light. Matter waves – wave nature of particles, de Broglie relation. Davisson-Germer experiment
(experimental details should be omitted; only conclusion should be explained.)

UNIT VIII: ATOMS AND NUCLEI
Alpha – particle scattering experiment; Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels, hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, isotopes, isobars; isotones. Radioactivity – alpha, beta and gamma particles/rays and their properties; radioactive decay law. Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number;
nuclear fission and fusion. UNIT IX: ELECTRONIC DEVICES
Energy bands in solids (qualitative ideas only), conductors, insulators and semiconductors;
semiconductor diode – I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier;
I-V characteristics of LED, photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage
regulator. Junction transistor, transistor action, characteristics of a transistor; transistor as an
amplifier (common emitter configuration) and oscillator. Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND and
NOR). Transistor as a switch. UNIT X: COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Elements of a communication system (block diagram only); bandwidth of signals (speech, TV and
digital data); bandwidth of transmission medium. Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the
atmosphere, sky and space wave propagation. Need for modulation. Production and detection of
an amplitude-modulated wave. Books: Published by Goa Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education. 1. Physics Part I Textbook for class XII
2. Physics Part II Textbook for class XII

CHEMISTRY

UNIT I: SOLID STATE
Classification of solids based on different binding forces :molecular, ionic covalent and metallic
solids, amorphous and crystalline solids(elementary idea),unit cell in two dimensional and three
dimensional lattices, calculation of density of unit cell, packing in solids, packing efficiency, voids ,number of atoms per unit cell in a cubic unit cell, point defects, electrical and magnetic
properties, Band theory of metals ,conductors, semiconductors and insulators and n and p type
semiconductors . UNIT II : SOLUTIONS
Types of solutions, expression of concentration of solutions of solids in liquids, solubility of gases in
liquids, solid solutions, colligative properties – relative lowering of vapour pressure, Raoult’s law , elevation of B.P., depression of freezing point, osmotic pressure, determination of molecular
masses using colligative properties, abnormal molecular mass, Vant Hoff factor. UNIT III: ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Redox reactions; conductance in electrolytic solutions, specific and molar conductivity variations
of conductivity with concentration, Kohlrausch’s Law, electrolysis and laws of electrolysis
(elementary idea), dry cell – electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells; lead accumulator, EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells. Relation between Gibbs energy change and
EMF of a cell, fuel cells; corrosion. UNIT IV: CHEMICAL KINETICS
Rate of a reaction (average and instantaneous), factors affecting rates of reaction: concentration, temperature, catalyst; order and molecularity of a reaction; rate law and specific rate constant,
integrated rate equations and half life (only for zero and first order reactions); concept of collision
theory (elementary idea, no mathematical treatment).Activation energy, Arrhenious equation. UNIT V: SURFACE CHEMISTRY
Adsorption – physisorption and chemisorption; factors affecting adsorption of gases on solids;
catalysis: homogenous and heterogeneous, activity and selectivity: enzyme catalysis; colloidal
state: distinction between true solutions, colloids and suspensions; lyophillic, lyophobic
multimolecular and macromolecular colloids; properties of colloids; Tyndall effect, Brownian
movement, electrophoresis, coagulation; emulsions – types
of emulsions. UNIT VI: GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS
Principles and methods of extraction – concentration, oxidation, reduction electrolytic method and
refining; occurrence and principles of extraction of aluminium, copper, zinc and iron.

PROSPECTUS FOR PROFESSIONAL DEGREE COURSES 2017-18 48

DIRECTORATE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, ALTO-PORVORIM, GOA, 403521
UNIT VII: P-BLOCK ELEMENTS
Group 15 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, oxidation states, trends in physical and chemical properties; nitrogen – preparation, properties and uses;
compounds of nitrogen: preparation and properties of ammonia and nitric acid, oxides of nitrogen
( structure only);
Phosphorous-allotropic forms; compounds of phosphorous: preparation and properties of
phosphine, halides (PCl3 , PCl5 ) and oxoacids (elementary idea only). Group 16 elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; dioxygen: preparation, properties and uses;
classification of oxides; ozone. Sulphur – allotropic forms; compounds of sulphur: preparation, properties and uses of sulphur dioxide; sulphuric acid: industrial process of manufacture, properties and uses, oxoacids of sulphur (structures only). Group 17 elements : General introduction, electronic configuration, oxidation states, occurrence, trends in physical and chemical properties; compounds of halogens: preparation, properties and
uses of chlorine and hydrochloric acid, interhalogen compounds, oxoacids of halogens (structures
only). Group 18 elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence, trends in physical
and chemical properties, uses. UNIT VIII: d AND f BLOCK ELEMENTS
General introduction ,electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics of transition metals, general trends in properties of the first row transition metals – metallic character, ionization
enthalpy, oxidation states, ionic radii, colour, catalytic property, magnetic properties, interstitial
compounds, alloy formation. Preparation and properties of K2 Cr2 O7 and KMnO4
Lanthanoids – electronic configuration, oxidation states, chemical reactivity and lanthanoid
contraction and its consequences. Actinoids – Electronic configuration, oxidation states and comparison with lanthenoids

UNIT IX: COORDINATION COMPOUNDS
Coordination compounds : Introduction, ligands, coordination number, colour, magnetic properties
and shapes, IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, bonding, Werner’s
theory VBT,CFT; isomerism (structural and stereo)importance of coordination compounds (in
qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and biological systems). UNIT X: HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES
Haloalkanes: Nomenclature, nature of C-X bond, physical and chemical properties, mechanism of
substitution reactions. Optical rotation. Haloarenes: Nature of C-X bond, substitution reactions (directive influence of halogen for
monosubstituted compounds only).

PROSPECTUS FOR PROFESSIONAL DEGREE COURSES 2017-18 49

DIRECTORATE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, ALTO-PORVORIM, GOA, 403521
Uses and environmental effects of – dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane,
iodoform, freons, DDT. UNIT XI: ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS
Alcohols: Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties (of primary
alcohols only); identification of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols; mechanism of
dehydration, uses, with special reference to methanol and ethanol. Phenols : Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, acidic nature
of phenol, electrophillic substitution reactions, uses of phenols. Ethers : Nomenclature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses. UNIT XII: ALDEHYDES, KETONES AND CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
Aldehydes and Ketones: Nomenclature, nature of carbonyl group, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, and mechanism of nucleophilic addition, reactivity of alpha
hydrogen in aldehydes; uses. Carboxylic Acids: Nomenclature, acidic nature, methods of preparation, physical and chemical
properties; uses. UNIT XIII: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING NITROGEN
Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical
properties, uses, identification of primary secondary and tertiary amines. Cyanides and Isocyanides – will be mentioned at relevant places in context. Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions and importance in synthetic organic chemistry. UNIT XIV: BIOMOLECULES
Carbohydrates – Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharide (glucose and fructose), D-L
configuration, oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen): importance. Proteins – Elementary idea of ? – amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins, primary
structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure and quaternary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; enzymes. Hormones –Elementary idea (excluding structure). Vitamins – Classification and functions. Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA
UNIT XV: POLYMERS
Classification – Natural and synthetic, methods of polymerization (addition and condensation), copolymerization. Some important polymers: natural and synthetic like polythene, nylon, polyesters, bakelite, rubber. Biodegradable and non-biodegradable polymers.

PROSPECTUS FOR PROFESSIONAL DEGREE COURSES 2017-18 50

DIRECTORATE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, ALTO-PORVORIM, GOA, 403521
UNIT XVI: CHEMISTRY IN EVERYDAY LIFE
1. Chemicals in medicines – analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines. 2. Chemicals in food – preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea of
antioxidants. 3. Cleansing agents – soaps and detergents, cleansing action. Books: Published by Goa Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education. 1. Chemistry Part I Textbook for class XII
2. Chemistry Part II Textbook for class XII

MATHEMATICS

UNIT I: RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS
1. Relations and Functions Types of relations: Reflexive, symmetric, transitive and
equivalence relations. One to one and onto functions, composite functions, inverse
of a function. Binary operations. 2. Inverse Trigonometric Functions Definition, range, domain, principal value
branches. Graphs of inverse trigonometric functions. Elementary properties of
inverse trigonometric functions. UNIT II: ALGEBRA
1. Matrices Concept, notation, order, equality, types of matrices, zero matrix, transpose of a matrix, symmetric and skew symmetric matrices. Addition, multiplication and scalar multiplication of matrices, simple properties of addition, multiplication and scalar multiplication. Non-commutativity of multiplication of
matrices and existence of non-zero matrices whose product is the zero matrix
(restrict to square matrices of order 2). Concept of elementary row and column
operations. Invertible matrices and proof of the uniqueness of inverse, if it exists;
(Here all matrices will have real entries). 2. Determinants Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 × 3 matrices), properties of
determinants, minors, cofactors and applications of determinants in finding the area
of a triangle. Adjoint and inverse of a square matrix. Consistency, inconsistency and
number of solutions of system of linear equations by examples, solving system of
linear equations in two or three variables (having unique solution) using inverse of a
matrix. UNIT III: CALCULUS
1. Continuity and Differentiability Continuity and differentiability, derivative of
composite functions, chain rule, derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions, derivative of implicit function. Concepts of exponential, logarithmic functions.

PROSPECTUS FOR PROFESSIONAL DEGREE COURSES 2017-18 51

DIRECTORATE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, ALTO-PORVORIM, GOA, 403521
Derivatives of x e log and

x e . Logarithmic differentiation. Derivative of functions
expressed in parametric forms. Second order derivatives. Rolle’s and Lagrange’s
Mean Value Theorems (without proof) and their geometric interpretations
2. Applications of Derivatives Applications of derivatives: Rate of change, increasing/decreasing functions, tangents and normals, approximation, maxima and
minima (first derivative test motivated geometrically and second derivative test
given as a provable tool). Simple problems (that illustrate basic principles and
understanding of the subject as well as real-life situations). 3. Integrals Integration as inverse process of differentiation. Integration of a variety of
functions by substitution, by partial fractions and by parts, only simple integrals of
the type – ? ?
2 2
x a
dx
? ? ?
2 2 x a
dx
? ? ?
2 2 a x
dx
?? ax ?bx ? c
dx
2
? ?
ax ?bx ? c
dx
2

dx

ax bx c
px q ? ? ?
?
2
( )
? dx
ax bx c
px q ? ? ?
?
2
( )

? a x dx ? ?
2 2
? x a dx ? ?
2 2

ax bx c dx ? ? ?
2

? px q ax bx c dx ? ? ? ?
2 ( )

to be evaluated. Definite integrals as a limit of a sum. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (without
proof). Basic properties of definite integrals and evaluation of definite integrals. ?? Applications of the Integrals Applications in finding the area under simple curves, especially lines, arcs of circles/parabolas/ellipses (in standard form only), area
between the two above said curves (the region should be clearly identifiable). ?? Differential Equations Definition, order and degree, general and particular
solutions of a differential equation. Formation of differential equation whose
general solution is given. Solution of differential equations by method of separation
of variables, homogeneous differential equations of first order and first degree. Solutions of linear differential equation of the type – Py Q
dx
dy ? ? where P and Q are functions of x or constant

Px Q
dy
dx
? ? where P and Q are functions of y or constant
UNIT IV: VECTORS AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY
1. Vectors Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction of a vector. Direction
cosines/ratios of vectors. Types of vectors (equal, unit, zero, parallel and coplanar
vectors), position vector of a point, negative of a vector, components of a vector, addition of vectors, multiplication of a vector by a scalar, position vector of a point

PROSPECTUS FOR PROFESSIONAL DEGREE COURSES 2017-18 52

DIRECTORATE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, ALTO-PORVORIM, GOA, 403521
dividing a line segment in a given ratio. Scalar (dot) product of vectors, projection
of a vector on a line. Vector (cross) product of vectors, scalar triple product. 2. Three-dimensional Geometry Direction cosines/ratios of a line joining two points. Cartesian and vector equation of a line, coplanar and skew lines, shortest distance
between two lines. Cartesian and vector equation of a plane. Angle between (i) two
lines, (ii) two planes, (iii) a line and a plane. Distance of a point from a plane. UNIT V: LINEAR PROGRAMMING
Introduction, related terminology such as constraints, objective function, optimization, different types of linear programming (L.P.) problems, mathematical
formulation of L.P. problems, graphical method of solution for problems in two
variables, feasible and infeasible regions, feasible and infeasible solutions, optimal
feasible solutions (up to three non-trivial constraints). UNIT VI: PROBABILITY
Multiplication theorem on probability. Conditional probability, independent events, total probability, Baye’s theorem. Random variable and its probability distribution, mean and variance of haphazard variable. Repeated independent (Bernoulli) trials
and Binomial distribution. Books: Published by Goa Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education. 1. Mathematics Part I Textbook for class XII

2. Mathematics Part II Textbook for class XII

BIOLOGY

CLASS XII
I. REPRODUCTION
Reproduction in organisms: Reproduction, a characteristic feature of all organisms for
continuation of species; Modes of reproduction – Asexual and sexual; Asexual reproduction;
Modes- Binary fission, sporulation, budding, gemmule, fragmentation; vegetative propagation in
plants. Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure; Development of male and female
gametophytes; Pollination–types, agencies and examples; Outbreedings devices; Pollen-Pistil
interaction; Double fertilization; Post fertilization events– Development of endosperm and embryo, Development of seed and formation of fruit; Special modes– apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed and fruit formation. Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of testis and
ovary; Gametogenesis- spermatogenesis & oogenesis; Menstrual cycle; Fertilisation, embryo
development upto blastocyst formation, implantation; Pregnancy and placenta formation

PROSPECTUS FOR PROFESSIONAL DEGREE COURSES 2017-18 53

DIRECTORATE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, ALTO-PORVORIM, GOA, 403521
(Elementary idea); Parturition (Elementary idea); Lactation (Elementary idea). Reproductive health:
Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD); Birth control- Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP);
Amniocentesis; Infertility and assisted reproductive technologies – IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea
for general awareness). II. GENETICS AND EVOLUTION
Heredity and variation: Mendelian Inheritance; Deviations from Mendelism– Incomplete
dominance, Co-dominance, Multiple alleles and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy;
Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Chromosomes and
genes; Sex determination– In humans, birds, honey bee; Linkage and crossing over; Sex linked
inheritance- Haemophilia, Colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans– Thalassemia;
Chromosomal disorders in humans; Down’s syndrome, Turner’s and Klinefelter’s syndromes. Molecular Basis of Inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure
of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central dogma; Transcription, genetic
code,translation; Gene expression and regulation– Lac Operon; Genome and human genome
project; DNA finger printing. Evolution: Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidences for biological evolution (Paleontological, comparative anatomy, embryology and molecular evidence); Darwin’s contribution, Modern
Synthetic theory of Evolution; Mechanism of evolution– Variation (Mutation and Recombination)
and Natural Selection with examples, types of natural selection; Gene flow and genetic dirft;
Hardy- Weinberg’s principle; Adaptive Radiation; Human evolution. III BIOLOGY AND HUMAN WELFARE
Health and Disease: Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis, Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm); Basic concepts of immunology–
vaccines; Cancer, HIV and AIDs; Adolescence, drug and alcohol abuse.
Improvement in food production: Plant breeding, tissue culture, single cell protein, Biofortification;
Apiculture and Animal husbandry. Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing, industrial production, sewage
treatment, energy generation and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers. IV BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS
Principles and process of Biotechnology: Genetic engineering (Recombinant DNA technology). Application of Biotechnology in health and agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, gene therapy; Genetically modified organisms- Bt crops; Transgenic Animals; Biosafety issues– Biopiracy and patents.

PROSPECTUS FOR PROFESSIONAL DEGREE COURSES 2017-18 54

DIRECTORATE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION, ALTO-PORVORIM, GOA, 403521
V ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT
Organisms and environment: Habitat and niche; Population and ecological adaptations;
Populationinteractions–mutualism, competition, predation, parasitism; Population attributes–
growth, birth rate and death rate, age distribution. Ecosystems: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition; Energy flow; Pyramids of
number, biomass, energy; Nutrient cycling (carbon and phosphorous); Ecological succession;
Ecological Services– Carbon fixation, pollination, oxygen release. Biodiversity and its conservation: Concept of Biodiversity; Patterns of Biodiversity; Importance of
Biodiversity; Loss of Biodiversity; Biodiversity conservation; Hotspots, endangered organisms, extinction, Red Data Book, biosphere reserves, National parks and sanctuaries. Environmental issues: Air pollution and its control; Water pollution and its control; Agrochemicals
and their effects; Solid waste management; Radioactive waste management; Greenhouse effect
and global warming; Ozone depletion; Deforestation; Any three case studies as success stories
addressing environmental issues. Books: Published by Goa Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education. Biology Textbook for Class XIIth